The Federal Court House on Habeas Corpus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Federal Court House on Habeas Corpus - Essay Example The main conflict arises in the possibility that this design will be abused by others, thus also staining the justice system. The inability to execute judgment to someone who is guilty is also clearly seen by the law as one form of injustice. Habeas corpus petition are filed by convicted prisoners as a challenge to the validity of their conviction; citing particular reason that police, prosecutor, defense counsel or even the trial court have deprived the convicts of their Federal Constitutional Rights such as "the right to refuse to answer questions when placed in police custody, the right to a speedy and fair trial, and the right to effective assistance of counsel" (Roger A. Hanson,Henry W.K. Daley, September 1995). An article in the Duke Journal sees one unintended result happening with the presence of habeas corpus. "Modern habeas law is predicated on the assumption that a state prisoner seeking habeas relief is attacking the legality of his confinement by alleging a constitutional error in the decision that led to his incarceration. Federal habeas, in other words, provides collateral review of earlier rulings by state courts. But almost 20 percent of federal habeas petitions filed by state prisoners do not challenge state court judgments. They attack instead the constitutionality of administrative actions by state prison officials or parole boards, taken long after the petitioner's conviction and sentencing" (Nancy J. King, 2009).

The Wife of Bath is the rapist knight herself Essay Example for Free

The Wife of Bath is the rapist knight herself Essay She still praises him and speaks of the abuse inflicted on her very matter-of-factly. As difficult as it may be to swallow, could it be that she is an example of a woman who merely wants the illusion of having control while she is really the one who is controlled? It is not to say that women dont want power. We just dont want all of the power. After taking another one of his beatings, she made her fifth husband feel so guilty that he relinquished all of his assets. Therefore, there was a cessation of power which perhaps implies to the reader that her husband may now be less desirable to her, since she has now defeated and conquered him. After this encounter, we do not hear much more of the fifth husband. Why is that? Is it because theres nothing left to tell now that she controls him? We arent even told how this marriage ends whether he died or they separated. Of tongue and fist, indeed of all hed got. I made him burn that book upon the spot. And when Id mastered him, and out of deadlock. Secured myself the sovereignty of wedlock. For ages, women have begged men to be more eager to listen and indulge us in our thoughts and desires. However, we tend to become bored with these men. Though the two latter marriages dont seem successful, the reader can see the transition between husbands from ones that were simple and easily tames to the ones that were more difficult and harder to control. She is finding it harder to find a husband, now that she feels weakened, by what she considers the natural flaw of aging I wont prevent him! Ill have a husband yet. So now she needs to assert herself, using some other way to demonstrate her power. She doesnt really have the things that she describes as important, except for what she has superficially attainted through past marriages. You say that some desire us for our wealth, Some for our shapeliness, our looks, our health, Some for our singing, others for our dancing, Some for our gentleness and dalliant glancing, And some because our hands are soft and small; But your account the devil gets us all. Though in her tale she brings out her point that women want dominance over a man in marriage, there are flaws to her story telling. The nominal hero in the tale is a rapist. The word rape is often promoted by the Wife of Bath throughout her tale. The king in the Wifes tale represents authority and would have inflicted the punishment of death on the knight. The queen on the other hand would have preferred the knight to also be raped, an eye for an eye. Out of context, it can be seen that the Wife of Bath is the rapist knight herself. Since the story is her own, her traits can be seen through the different characters. The Wife of Bath is interchangeable. She can be the knight who conquers the woman and who is also blinded by the false importance of age and beauty. Having created the knight and the theme of rape, she becomes a perpetual self-rapist. She could be the woman who is overtaken by the knights sexuality and strength, a sign of her sexual weakness. She could be the queen who is set upon this man learning that woman want/need control. Or even more so, we can see her as the hag who conquers the man and wins the power in the relationship. There is a gentle irony in the Wifes tale. Her story is of the antifeminist clichi that all women in their hearts desire to have control but also subconsciously want to be raped.

The black sox scandal of 1919

The black sox scandal of 1919 Introduction During the First World War, gambling was rampant in the United States and fixing games was either assumed as harmless or tolerated. The worse was to come during the post-war period. With the closure of horse tracks, the bettors and all their accomplices shifted to their local baseball pitches where they practiced the dirty game. They cunningly spread rumors of fixes and/or injuries in a bid to move the odds in one way or the other (Zumsteg 182). The underworld operations between gamblers and other dubious characters with teams, players and funs facilitated the fix of a 1919 World Series Championship. Little known Cincinnati Red Stockings emerged victorious over the indomitable Chicago White Sox because the latter threw the game for the want of money. This paper looks at the background of the scandal, how stinginess the Black Sox boss led his players to party with gamblers. The figures behind the scum area also mentioned together with the role they played to make it a success. Nationa l Commissions ban of the eight conspirators from the game for life is one of the devastating consequences of the scandal. Lastly, it briefly looks at the profile of Joe Jackson and Eddie Cicotte. The Background of the Scandal The first ever World Series baseball game was played in the year 1903. Prior to that, a Mr. William C. Temple in a bid to popularize baseball offered a championship trophy to the winner and the first runners-up of the National League in the 1894 best-of-seven-game series. In 1901, the American League was established a move that surprised the insiders of the National League. A â€Å"cold war† ensued between the two teams where each league competed amongst its own members. Eventually, a deal was made two years later called the â€Å"National Agreement†. This deal other than outlining baseballs employment, salary and travel packages, it produced a blueprint that merged the two into a major league which has been in place up to today (â€Å"Baseball Almanac† para. 4). In the 1903 World Series that preceded the deal, Pittsburgh (from the defunct National League) was competing with Boston (from the defunct American League). Both teams were topping their erstwhile leagues and were to measure the prowess of the each other under one umbrella. This debut attracted the interest of the American folks and from then henceforth, the attendance of professionally played baseball games soared more so in the post-World War I period. Following this growing interest on the game, the 1919 World Series was anticipated with baited breaths and considering that the season had recorded huge attendance, one is left to imagine for ones self the anxiety that was rife (Meyer para. 2). Most funs of baseball games got involved in gambling about the outcome of a game and great games attracted professional gamblers. At this time, the post-war depression was setting in hence public despondence about the economy. Racial tensions were high, and people generally were in a pandemonium mood. It therefore came as no surprise that the players of the Chicago White Sox, also known as the Black Sox, fell prey to the traps of arch-gamblers of the time in persons of William Thomas (a.k.a. Sleepy Bill), Billy Maharg, and Billy Burns (Meyer para. 3). The Die Is Cast As has been mentioned above, the 1919 World Series charged the atmosphere before the actual game. The two teams to compete were the Chicago White Sox and the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Two years ago the Chicago White Sox had emerged the winners of 1917 World Series; in fact they had won 8 out of the last 9 World Series. That very year on September 24th they had clinched the pennant and hence were slated to be the likely winners of the years World Series. Therefore people were betting on the loss of Cincinnati Red Stockings. This scenario was fertile for the operations of the wily gamblers. Knowing that almost everyone was touting for the Chicago White Soxs win, reversing their position against the multitude would attract more money but some underdog deal had to be done to get the money. The internal dissension that characterized the Chicago White Sox players partly contributed to their vulnerability to the gamblers. First, among the players themselves there were two factions: one for the better-schooled members and the other for the illiterate members. Secondly there was a uniform resentment towards the club president Charles Comiskey. He was said to be underpaying his players making Chicago White Sox the poorly paying team in that period. In fact, it is said that the team acquired the name Black Sox when they continuously played with filthy jerseys after Comiskey had refused to bill their laundry; instead he asked each player to bill his. Seeing that his order was turned down, he resorted to slicing a fraction of each players salary to bill the laundry. However, no study has yet substantiated this claim. Again it was said that he used to make promises of monetary value to his players but in the long run he either reneged or shortchanged the player(s). Eddie Cicotte , pitcher, for example was to be awarded a bonus of roughly US$ 10,000 upon winning thirty games. Cicotte had won his twenty-ninth game and was then posed for his thirtieth win but was deliberately benched by his boss to avoid awarding the bonus (Weiler 36). Perhaps the gamblers might have known the frustration that was sickening the players. It argued that one member of the squad by the name Arnold Gandil (a.k.a. Chick) the first baseman who was known to have a protracted clandestine relationship with the gangsters was approached with the offer. Together with his colleague Cicotte they endorsed the deal and sort for more recruits since fixing a game of that category could not just be fixed by two players. Here it can be inferred that Gandils dubious reputation might have led him to accepting the deal but Cicotte was out for a revenge against his boss who cunningly denied him his bonus. Because they were offered US$ 100,000 to divide among themselves this was an opportunity to make an extra dollar. The duo drawn from the illiterate faction of the team went fishing for willing conspirators from among their group. Pitcher Claude Williams (a.k.a. Lefty), shortstop Charles Risberg (a.k.a. Swede), and outfielder Oscar Felsch (a.k.a. Happy) were recruited. But infielder Fred McMullin forced himself into the group after he had secretly learned about it. He demanded that unless he was allowed in, he would report. An attempt to enlist Buck Weaver, the third baseman was futile for he refused outright to be a part of the complicity. The involvement of Joe Jackson, the star outfielder, in the conspiracy has been disputed ever since the scandal came to be known. Some sources say that being illiterate Jackson participated in the deal with little knowledge of its repercussions, while others say that he received threats from some team members, yet some maintain that he did not participate at all (Albert, Bennett Cochran 84). It is said that Joe Jackson was included in the plot so as to give credibility to the gamblers that the deal was sealed. Being one of the greatest hitters in the game, his presence was very vital for it spelt success to the conspirators. In first game, Eddie Cicotte beam as the first batter of the game thereby sending signals to the other conspirators that the fix was on. As one would expect, the Chicago White Sox lose 9-1 in quite a suspicious manner. The following day still there was no improvement not only in the scores but also in the fashion in which they were playing and for this reason the team lost 4-2 to the Cincinnati Red Stockings. However in Game 3 there was a hitch occurred that pushed the White Sox to the top. A player of modest dexterity by the name Dickey Kerr, a member of the White Sox squad drew the start of the game. Unaware of the fix, the strong lefthander player ignored the calls by his scandalous team mates to roll over, instead he threw a three hit 3-0 that saved the White Sox from getting out of the race (â€Å"Baseball Almanac† para. 2). The turn of events made the Cincinnati Red Stocking players to intensify their concentration and focus. Having no idea that the game was being thrown, they pitched back-to-back shutouts during the fourth and the fifth games. Jimmy Ring steered them into winning the fourth game by 2-0 while Hod Ellers (5-0) ensured that the fifth game was taken by the Reds. Ordinarily the series would have ended at that point with the Reds win. But the commissioner of baseball extended it to a best-of-nine competition arguing that the intense following of the series during the postwar warranted more games for the entertainment of funs (â€Å"Baseball Almanac† para. 3). The following two games were won by the White Sox (5-4 and 4-1) arguably because they wanted to contain more suspicion. Real drama was experienced in the final game where the Cincinnati Red Stockings literally dominated the game. The White Sox players who were complicity resolved to let them loose, throwing the game to the oppone nt at 10 to 1 (Meyer para. 7). The Cincinnati had been aided to win their first ever World Championship in their debut into the series. After the game had been lost as expected the money was to be shared among the participants. The principal plotters reaped a good sum: Gandil received US$ 35,000; Risberg got US$ 15,000 and Cicotte US$10,000. Others were given quite a raw deal: Williams Jackson, McMullin and Felsch each got US$ 5,000. Gandil who was the ring leader refused to divide the spoils to Weaver arguing that he had failed to support the others in facilitating the fix (Chermak Bailey 9). Lefty Williams was sent with an envelop containing US$ 5,000 to give to Shoeless Jackson who turned it down. Rather than keeping the money, Williams threw it on the ground and left. The following day, Jackson decided to go and see his boss Comiskey with the money. Unfortunately for him, Mr. Comiskey was not in his office but his assistant Mr. Harry Grabiner was. He showed the money to Grabiner explaining its origin. Perhaps this was how the saga reached Charles Comiskey (Meyer para. 10). Trial and Banning of the Conspirators Following the increased cases of gambling in baseball, the National Commission chairman talked Judge Charles McDonald into convening a grand jury in Cook County, Illinois to investigate the matter; though the real intention was to look into the 1919 World Series. In September 22nd, 1920, the grand jury convened and players from the major league who had heard of the fix testified against the Black Sox players of the previous series. Eddie Cicotte broke the ice by confessing his guilt to Comiskeys attorney Alfred Austrian. Shoeless Jackson and Williams also followed suit and confessed. Those involved were revealed and Comiskey suspend them as a result of the overwhelming evidence and implications. Ultimately, the grand jury indicted the eight players for conspiring to injure the business of Comiskey as well as to defraud the public (Chermak Bailey 9). The baseball governing body was dealt a blow by these confessions and indictments. They were forced to do something and save the image of the game. In the public eye, they had failed to contain evil gamblers and dubious players from ruining baseball. In an attempt to save its face, the then incumbent chairman resigned and Kenesaw M. Landis, a Federal Judge was appointed. The criminal trial was made against the eight players but the jury acquitted then arguing that no evidence had been put forward that they attempted to defraud the public. Despite of this verdict, Landis banned the eight from playing baseball for life. He argued: â€Å"Regardless of the verdict of juries, no player that throws a ball game, no player that entertains proposals or promises to throw a game, no player that sits in a conference with a bunch of crooked players and gamblers where the ways and means of throwing games are discussed, and does not promptly tell his club about it, will ever play professional baseball† (â€Å"Baseball Almanac† para. 3). In deed the eight players did not participate in any competitive baseball game until their deaths. Weaver was also banned because although he had not participated he knew of the plot but failed to report it. Shoeless Joe Jackson He was one of the best hitters the game had ever had. As has been said, his involvement in the scandal is controversial. In fact, Walter Johnson who was once a Washington pitcher confessed that he considered Joe Jackson the greatest natural baseball player. His credibility had not been tainted before and the gusto and talent with which he was playing his position endeared him to a lot of funs. During the 1919 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds, his performance did not raise suspicion for he is the one who the single score that Black Sox had in the last game with the Reds. In the series he is said to have batted .375; .71 points above his previous World Series in which he had 12 hits breaking the World Series record, hitting the only homerun in the entire World Series (Meyer para 8). But his confessions to the grand jury of his participation in the scandal as well as the envelop that he showed to Mr. Grabiner prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was a complicity, however passive. For this reason he could not be immune from Landis ban and therefore had to live the rest of his life after the incident without playing his favorite game. Eddie Cicotte He was the assistant of Gandil in the Chicago White Sox squad and one of the arch-plotters of the scandal. It is said that after the First World War the club was flourishing yet players were being underpaid. The manager William (a.k.a. Kid) tried to appeal to the owner Comiskey for the players financial relief but he refused. Comiskeys coldness particularly infuriated Cicotte who was one of the best performers (Broeg 64). Gandil heavily influenced Cicottes participation in the scandal that would ruin his career for the rest of his life. He gave in to the idea if he would get US$ 10, 000. Many historians contend that his intentions were secondary to the money but primary to a revenge on his boss Comiskey who had denied him the bonus. As a matter of fact, he was the one who opened the first game by batting out 9-1, and deliberately lost the fourth game 2-0 by committing two errors in a single inning. In the seventh game, he was probably a little disturbed by his conscience and as such had a double-cross along the line and won, 4-1 (Broeg 64). Eddie Cicotte was the player who confessed his participation in the scandal making others to follow suit. After the ban, he moved to Detroit Michigan to become a game warden and a security guard at a Ford assembly plant till his retirement (Broeg 65). Conclusion The Black Sox Scandal shook the entire fabric of baseball fraternity. Changes that were made to the National Commission leadership immediately after the discovery of the scum endeavored to redeem the reputation and the professionalism of the sport. The eight players that orchestrated it were the major casualties of the radical change that followed. The aim of the ban was a signal not only to players of baseball but also to those in other games that the sporting world requires persons of integrity and would ruthlessly deal with crooked ones. The scandal completely changed the image of the Chicago White Sox and they had to wait for forty years before winning another World Series. The performance became so dismal that fans started claiming that the team was jinxed by the scandal. World Series of the year 2005 was the last one they won in the recent history. Works Cited â€Å"Baseball Almanac.† World Series History. Retrieved on April 7, 2010 from: Albert Jim, Bennett Jay, Cochran James. â€Å"Anthology of statistics in sports† 2005, Cambridge University Press, London. Broeg, Bob. â€Å"Eddie Cicotte Paid His Debt in Full† Baseball Digest August 1969, 28 (7), pp. 64. Chermak, Steven Bailey, Frankie. â€Å"Crimes and Trials of the Century: From the Black Sox Scandal to the Attica prison riots† 2007, Greenwood Publishing Group, New York. Meyer, Jake. The Black Sox Scandal, n.d. Retrieved on April 7, 2010 from: Weiler, Paul. â€Å"Leveling the Playing Field: How the Law Can Make Sports Better for Fans,† 2001, Harvard University Press, New York. Zumsteg, Derek. â€Å"The Cheaters Guide to Baseball† 2007, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York.

Changing Oil in Your Car Essay -- Process Descriptive How To Changing

Changing Oil in Your Car When the average person's car needs an oil change we drive to a Quick Lube and have it done in 20 minutes. Another alternative would be to change the oil your self, this is a fairly simple process, most people with some common sense and some basic hand tools can do it at home on a weekend. The first step is finding out how much oil your car holds and what kind of oil filter fits on your cars engine. Your car's owner's manual will have a capacity section in the back, down the list till you come to the engine oil capacity, and the chart will list the number of quarts that your car needs. Also on most new cars when you can look on the oil cap it should state the oil weight which is recommended by the cars manufacturer. Then you need to go to the local parts house (I prefer Advance or Orileys) get the brand of oil that you prefer in the recommended weight, and quantity. When you pay, you can get the part number for the oil filter, all you have to know is the make of the car and the motor size and they should be able to find the information and then tell you which filter belongs on the car. Remember to get an oil filter wrench to remove the filter of with if don't already have one. Next, go home and find a level spot on which to park your vehicle. Before you jack up the front of the vehicle, you need to set the emergency brake and chock the rear wheels; this is just a safety measure to keep the car form rolling back. Once you have completed this, you need to refer to the owner's manual again for the recommended lift points for the car. You are not able to just put a jack underneath a car and lift it up because you will risk damaging the under body. There are certain places to put the jack to properly ... ...place it in the fill hole (it is located on one of the valve cover of the motor and it has a cap) and add the recommended amount of oil. After you have added oil, replace the cap. Now you are ready to start the motor. When you first start it, there will be no oil pressure so don't be alarmed but watch the gauge, and in about ten to thirty seconds the oil pressure should be up in the normal range. With the engine running, look underneath the vehicle and check the plug and filter to make sure there are no leaks. If there are no leaks, shut the vehicle off and check the oil level on the dip stick and make sure it is between the low and full mark. If the oil is a little low, add a little more at a time, and keep rechecking it until the oil level is full. When you have completed this you are done. This is a fairly simple process and can save you a lot of money over time.

The Most Recognized Language Architecture Essay

The resurgence of the most accepted linguistic communication of Baroque and Renaissance Architecture has been illustrated through some of the major public edifices in the United States. The twentieth century has marked architectural significance in following classical rules with modern attempts. Rockefeller Center is one of the twentieth century ‘s most successful architectural accomplishments. The success of this major edifice has been translated as the symbol for the new city, the image of the dream for a healthy and compassionate urban hereafter [ 1 ] . The procedure driving the development of Rockefeller Center works in the mode in which the modernistic manner is woven into the ideological and historical cloth of its clip [ 2 ] . The undertaking had begun as a existent estate development predicated on the Metropolitan Opera Company ‘s desire for a resettled new auditorium [ 3 ] . After the stock market clang of 1929, the Metropolitan Opera Company decided non to make a new place there [ 4 ] . Despite the thick of the depression ongoing, the Rockefeller Center was a undertaking developed by John D. Rockefeller. The undertaking was carried through completion with some concern ; nevertheless even with guess the centre has changed the face of midtown Manhattan. The centre ‘s monumentality marks one of the most dynamic infinites in New York City, and serves as a memorial to commerce every bit good as successful urban infinite. The thought behind the planning does non sum up to â€Å" a metropolis within a metropolis, † nevertheless it was a monumental fragment inserted into a metropolis grid [ 5 ] . Raymond M. Hood who was caput designer of the undertaking squad, was involved with the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design with the Architectural League in New York City. Around the same clip period that the Rockefeller undertaking was developing, the reverse skyscraper emerged as a powerful symbol of modern America [ 6 ] . There are recognizable assorted ways that Raymond M. Hood removes classical vocabulary to accomplish the skyscraper is shown through the distant connexion between Beaux-Arts and modernism in New York. The formality of the Beaux Arts planning was illustrated as axially oriented and ordered dominated most City beautiful design. Beaux Arts manner can be defined through arch and pediment doors, statuary, level roof, rusticated raised first narrative and classical inside informations and accents on order, self-respect and harmoniousness. At the terminal of World War I, this Beaux Arts manner started holding rivals among the modern and international manner architecture. The presence of the Ecole surveies revitalized a new mode with traditional preparation [ 7 ] . This undertaking incorporated landscape, metropolis planning, architecture and art at a degree that any other undertaking has yet to get the better of. The true sharpness of Rockefeller Center was read easy through the quality of its public infinite, which has contributed greatly to the strength of Mid-town Manhattan. The sarcasm is that the public infinites besides inaugurate the internalisation of public unfastened infinite that has come to qualify the American metropolis since the World War II [ 8 ] . This denationalization of public infinite has done so much to weaken the unity of the traditional street. The construct behind the public place did non belong to Hood ‘s original program [ 9 ] . Hood followed the thought that the tallness of urban towers should be accompanied by a addition in figure of streets, and the tallness of towers should be dictated by the sum of street frontage [ 10 ] . The urban gesture of the place represented the solid statement of metropolitianism, it was a public urban infinite every bit good a memorial. The urban planning development of the twentieth century has emerged out of City Beautiful Movement. The motion launched by Daniel Hudson Burnham evolved due to the metropolis ‘s shapelessness, as an attempt to better these metropoliss at that place was concern beyond the fa & A ; ccedil ; ade but the quest for aesthetic paralleled with the hunt for functionality of a humane metropolis [ 11 ] . The planning of this composite was done in a really distinguishable mode, every arrangement and connexion was executed thoughtfully. Fifth Avenue entertained the low rise edifices because at the clip of planning, 5th avenue was a low rise street [ 12 ] . The nucleus of the composite is where the antecedently proposed opera house was suppose to be placed, so ideally that is where the design squad planned to put the largest office edifice. Surrounding the nucleus was the smaller office edifices, and stores offered on the street and belowground degree that would link prosaic to the new metro being built at 6th avenue [ 13 ] . The entry to the place begins at the expansive promenade. The promenade took dimensions of a traditional street breadths, so the Rockefeller Group took great attempts to developing this axis with fountains and gardens. The breadth of the promenade was significantly big, so the logic of puting landscape caused the visitant to go confidant with the Windowss of the stores, promoting concern [ 14 ] . The sequence of the program held a transitional quality yet sophisticated. The sequence at 5th avenue would convey one down a major promenade where all kinds of stores are located, taking to the deep-set place. The deep-set place today exists as a skating rink, but was intended to be a shopping place. The symbolism of the New York skyscraper of the 1920 ‘s does impart itself to American capitalist economy in its most active stage, so hence Rockefeller Center design purpose was to reconstruct that assurance after the stock market clang [ 15 ] . The head behind the design was lead by senior architect Raymond M. Hood. The planning involved the prosaic place, roof gardens and the centre succeeded in incorporating the ends of the American Renaissance but besides reshaping those ends to run into the challenge of European modernism [ 16 ] . Hoods architectural impact can be seen in the massing of the RCA edifice of the place. The RCA edifice was the first edifice to be erected for the Rockefeller place. The exterior vocabulary reflect the stripped classical linguistic communication similar but non indistinguishable to those of the News Building, but flatter, set uping monochromatic vocabulary with gray tones. The exterior refined fa & A ; ccedil ; ade is clothed with limestone and aluminium spandril panels [ 17 ] . Hood developed on the sense of the signifier as a heavy mass. Austere explains this dumbness as â€Å" ..not so much like that of a mountain as the News Building appeared to be, but a prodigious domen ; non excavate or volumetric as the McGraw-Hill Building, but instead a huge drop upon which people might mount to secret metropoliss at the degree of rooftops. † Some would reason that regardless of Hood ‘s preparation, the Rockefeller undertaking has been removed from classicalism, while Vincent Scully has stated â€Å" the agreement is pure Beaux-Arts, a small impassive possibly, but axial, focussed and house, determining a shopping street with topographic points to sit and a little square in which it is possible to make something or to watch people making things † [ 18 ] . The program which is Gallic inspired has reflected the Beaux Arts planning. The entry of international edifice shows ornamentation of the traditional symbolic thought behind Rockefeller [ 19 ] . The decoration shows the expansive promenade being on axis with the decoration of wisdom, as shown in image 4.1. The Rockefeller ‘s had a great involvement in instruction and universe trade, therefore the decoration was given a outstanding arrangement in the composite. The involvement of universe trade is really apparent at the symbol represent Old and New Worl d, North and Southern Hemispheres. The clock at the top represents the Sun, the Sun is reflecting on quicksilver, the God of commercialism. On both sides of quicksilver are four elements ; air current, air, fire and Earth. Below quicksilver lies the symbol of engineering and industry [ 20 ] . Bordered on each side of engineering and industry are symbol of Old universe with a mosque, and the New universe image of Aztec and Mayan temple [ 21 ] . Underneath is the ship of geographic expedition, placed between the palace of Europe and the Americas. And below that is the images of four races stand foring the diverseness of the complex [ 22 ] . This ornamentation does non merely suggests a entry, but embraces the importance of the complex as a memorial and the symbolic rhythm the exists through the motion of the composite.As Dennis Sharp stated in Twentieth Century Architecture: A Ocular History,â€Å" †¦ Situated on a block that lies between New York ‘s busy 5th and 6th Avenu es and 48th and 51st Streets, the development represents the apogee of pre-war skyscraper design and comprehensive planning. Public and private activities are brought together in the strategy and the whole design creates an ambiance that is a direct and positive part to urban life. The great RKO gesture image theater was the first edifice completed ( designed by the chief designers with Corbett, Harrison ) and MacMurray, Hood and Fouilhoux ) and opened in 1932. It seats over 3,500 frequenters and has a full phase. † [ 23 ] . The planning of the complex starts to include all degrees of complexnesss in which were successful solved. The issues of traffic, commercialism and prosaic volume were all considerations. The most dramatic component of the composite is the RCA edifice, the tallest edifice of the organisation and even though it is separated by a important distance from the place, the continuum ne'er loses its connectivity to the composite.Work CITEDDolkart, Andrew. â€Å" The Architecture and Development of New York City. â€Å" Skyscraper City ( 2004 ) : n. pag. Web. 12 Dec 2009..Balfour, Alan.Rockefeller Center. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978. Print.Fletcher, Tom. â€Å" GE Building, originally RCA Building. † n. pag. Web. 12 Dec 2009..Frampton, Kenneth.Modern Architecture. 4th. London: Thames & A ; Hudson, 2007. 221. Print.Stuart, Jewel.Ely Jacques Kahn, Architect Beaux-Arts to modernism in New York. 1st. New York: W, W Norton & A ; Company, 2006. 30. Print.Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 1982. 15. Print.Sharp, Dennis.Twentieth Century Architecture A Visual History. Images Publishing, 2006. 257. Print.Hines, Thomas. â€Å" Architecture: The City Beautiful Movement. â€Å" Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. , 2005. Web..Balfour, Alan.Rockefeller Center. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978. Print.Frampton, Kenneth.Modern Architecture. 4th. London: Thames & A ; Hudson, 2007. 220. Print.Frampton, Kennet h 220Frampton, Kenneth 221Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 1982. 15. Print.Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 1982. 15. Print.Stuart, Jewel.Ely Jacques Kahn, Architect Beaux-Arts to modernism in New York. 1st. New York: W, W Norton & A ; Company, 2006. 30. Print.Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 1982. 14. Print.Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 1982. 15. Print.Stern, Robert 15Hines, Thomas. â€Å" Architecture: The City Beautiful Movement. â€Å" Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. , 2005. Web..Dolkart, Andrew. â€Å" The Architecture and Development of New York City. â€Å" Skyscraper City ( 2004 ) : n. pag. Web. 12 Dec 2009..Dolkart, Andrew. â€Å" The Architecture and Development of New York City. â€Å" Skyscraper City ( 2004 ) : n. pag. Web. 12 Dec 2009..Dolkart, Andrew 2Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 198 2. 14. Print.Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 1982. 14. Print.Fletcher, Tom. â€Å" GE Building, originally RCA Building. † n. pag. Web. 12 Dec 2009..Stern, Robert.Raymond M. Hood. New York: Rizzoli International, 1982. 15. Print.Dolkart, Andrew. â€Å" The Architecture and Development of New York City. â€Å" Skyscraper City ( 2004 ) : n. pag. Web. 12 Dec 2009..Dolkart, Andrew. â€Å" The Architecture and Development of New York City. â€Å" Skyscraper City ( 2004 ) : n. pag. Web. 12 Dec 2009..Dolkart, Andrew 2Dolkart, Andrew 3Sharp, Dennis.Twentieth Century Architecture ; A Ocular History. Images Publishing, 2006. 257. Print.

American Revolution, Major General Nathanael Greene

American Revolution, Major General Nathanael Greene Major General Nathanael Greene (August 7,  1742–June 19, 1786) was one of General George Washingtons most trusted subordinates during the American Revolution. Initially commanding Rhode Islands militia, he earned a commission in the Continental Army in June 1775 and within a year was leading large formations in Washingtons command. In 1780, he was given command of American forces in the South and conducted an effective campaign that greatly weakened British forces in the region and ultimately forced them back to Charleston, South Carolina. Fast Facts: Nathanael Greene Rank: Major GeneralService: Continental ArmyBorn: August 7, 1742 in Potowomut, Rhode IslandDied: June 19, 1786 in Mulberry Grove Plantation, GeorgiaParents: Nathanael and Mary GreeneSpouse: Catharine LittlefieldConflicts: American Revolution (1775–1783)Known For: Siege of Boston, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of Guilford Court House, Battle of Eutaw Springs Early Life Nathanael Greene was born on August 7, 1742, in Potowomut, Rhode Island. He was the son of a Quaker farmer and businessman. Despite religious misgivings about formal education, the young Greene excelled in his studies and was able to convince his family to retain a tutor to teach him Latin and advanced mathematics. Guided by future Yale University president Ezra Stiles, Greene continued his academic progress. When his father died in 1770, he began to distance himself from the church and was elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly. This religious separation continued when he married the non-Quaker Catherine Littlefield in July 1774. The couple would ultimately have six children who survived infancy. American Revolution A supporter of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution, Greene assisted in the formation of a local militia near his home at Coventry, Rhode Island, in August 1774. Greenes participation in the units activities was limited due to a slight limp. Unable to march with the men, he became an avid student of military tactics and strategy. As such, Greene acquired a substantial library of military texts, and like fellow self-taught officer Henry Knox, worked to master the subject. His devotion to military affairs led to his expulsion from the Quakers. The following year, Greene was again elected to the General Assembly. In the wake of the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Greene was appointed as a brigadier general in the Rhode Island Army of Observation. In this capacity, he led the colonys troops to join in the siege of Boston. Becoming a General Recognized for his abilities, Greene was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Continental Army on June 22, 1775. A few weeks later, on July 4, he met General George Washington and the two became close friends. With the British evacuation of Boston in March 1776, Washington placed Greene in command of the city before dispatching him south to Long Island. Promoted to major general on August 9, he was given command of Continental forces on the island. After constructing fortifications in early August, he missed the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Long Island on the 27th due to a severe fever. Greene finally saw combat on September 16, when he commanded troops during the Battle of Harlem Heights. Engaged during the later part of the battle, his men helped push the British back. After he was given command of American forces in New Jersey, Greene launched an abortive attack on Staten Island on October 12. Moved to command Fort Washington (on Manhattan) later that month, he erred by encouraging Washington to hold the fort. Though Colonel Robert Magaw was ordered to defend the fort to the last, it fell on November 16, and more than 2,800 Americans were captured. Three days later, Fort Lee across the Hudson River was taken as well. Philadelphia Campaign Though Greene was blamed for the loss of both forts, Washington still had confidence in the Rhode Island general. After falling back across New Jersey, Greene led a wing of the army during the victory at the Battle of Trenton on December 26. A few days later, on January 3, he played a role at the Battle of Princeton. After entering winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, Greene spent part of 1777 lobbying the Continental Congress for supplies. On September 11, he commanded a division during the defeat at Brandywine, before leading one of the attack columns at Germantown on October 4. After moving to Valley Forge for the winter, Washington appointed Greene quartermaster general on March 2, 1778. Greene accepted on the condition that he be allowed to retain his combat command. Diving into his new responsibilities, he was frequently frustrated by Congress unwillingness to allocate supplies. After departing Valley Forge, the army fell upon the British near Monmouth Court House, New Jersey. In the resulting Battle of Monmouth, Greene led the right wing of the army and his men successfully repulsed heavy British assaults on their lines. Rhode Island That August, Greene was sent to Rhode Island with the Marquis de Lafayette to coordinate an offensive with French Admiral Comte dEstaing. This campaign came to a dismal end when American forces under Brigadier General John Sullivan were defeated on August 29. Returning to the main army in New Jersey, Greene led American forces to victory at the Battle of Springfield on June 23, 1780. Two months later, Greene resigned as quartermaster general, citing Congressional interference in army matters. On September 29, 1780, he presided over the court-martial that condemned spy Major John Andre to death. After American forces in the South suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Camden, Congress asked Washington to select a new commander for the region to replace the disgraced Major General Horatio Gates. Going South Without hesitation, Washington appointed Greene to lead Continental forces in the South. Greene took command of his new army at Charlotte, North Carolina, on December 2, 1780. Facing a superior British force led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis, Greene sought to buy time to rebuild his battered army. He divided his men in two and gave command of one force to Brigadier General Daniel Morgan. The following month, Morgan defeated Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens. Despite the victory, Greene and his commander still did not feel the army was ready to engage Cornwallis. After reuniting with Morgan, Greene continued a strategic retreat and crossed the Dan River on February 14, 1781. Due to flood waters on the river, Cornwallis elected to return south to North Carolina. After camping at Halifax Court House, Virginia, for a week, Greene was sufficiently reinforced to recross the river and begin shadowing Cornwallis. On March 15, the two armies met at the Battle of Guilford Court House. Though Greenes men were forced to retreat, they inflicted heavy casualties on Cornwallis army, compelling it to withdraw toward Wilmington, North Carolina. In the wake of the battle, Cornwallis decided to move north into Virginia. Greene decided not to pursue and instead moved south to reconquer the Carolinas. Despite a minor defeat at Hobkirks Hill on April 25, Greene succeeded in retaking the interior of South Carolina by mid-June 1781. After allowing his men to rest in the Santee Hills for six weeks, he resumed the campaign and won a strategic victory at Eutaw Springs on September 8. By the end of the campaign season, the British were forced back to Charleston, where they were contained by Greenes men. Greene remained outside the city until the wars end. Death With the conclusion of hostilities, Greene returned home to Rhode Island. For his service in the South, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia all voted him large grants of land. After being forced to sell much of his new land to pay off debts, Greene moved to Mulberry Grove, outside of Savannah, in 1785. He died on June 19, 1786, after suffering from heat stroke.

Media Violence Essay

Media Violence Essay Media Violence Essay Media Violence Nowadays, media has become a dispensable part of modern world. However the past 50 years have seen a dramatic increase in the argument of the effects of violence in media. Different people hold different views, I personally believe that the negative impacts of violence in the media far outweigh its benefits. Some laud media violence brings potential threaten to social stability. Since teenagers are lack of ability to distinguish right and wrong well, they will accept information from media without considerable judgments. For instance, the American media shows heroes justifiably using violence as a means to resolve conflict. In popular TV series Nikita, Nikita and her partners are heroes who defend the country against terrorism secretly. They are good men, but they are not perfect. They tortures enemies to get information to stabilize society as well. Although they are doing right things, their ways are cruel. Teenager will believe it is fine to use violence if they are doing right things. In addition, many younger children cannot discriminate between what they see and what is real. Teenagers watch TV shows with violence images hour after hour, they will see the world as a dark and sinister place, being frightened or upset. Media violence causes aggressive behaviour and fear of being harm ed, and lead to social instability at the end. Others argue that it helps to protect people from real-life violence because it plays as an alarm. People who have seen the harm impacts that are brought from violence in media

Small Firm Effect Essay Example

Small Firm Effect Essay Example Small Firm Effect Paper Small Firm Effect Paper At last, a conclusion about whether or not to use this anomaly earn profit will be provided. Explanation of small firm effect and its methodologies Small firm effect refers to a situation which the average risk adjusted returns of smaller firms are higher than the larger firms Band(1981). This situation shows the insufficient of CAMP in predicting the stock returns and counter-argues the efficient market hypothesis Band(1981). It was found by researching the relationship between the return and market value of common stocks in the New York Stock Exchange. The researchers build a generalized asset pricing model which adds the variable market value of security to the capital assets pricing model Band(1981). The constant measuring the contribution of market value of a stock to the expected return of the stock was found as a significantly negative number for the all-time period Band(1981). This indicates that the larger the market values the smaller the expected returns Band(1981). Supporting evidence There are several evidences support the small firm effect as an anomaly counter- argues the efficient market hypothesis in relate to the capital assets pricing model. Under the efficient market hypothesis, no persistent excess profits can be earned on a stock by using public available information. However, the research done by Band(1981) proves that about twenty percent risk-adjusted profits can be earned by using strategy of taking long positions in a portfolio of smaller firms and taking short position in a portfolio of larger firms in a year. Furthermore, the researches done by Brown, Klein and Marsh (1983) shows that excess returns can be earned in related to firm size but the effect is not stable over time. Moreover, the study done by Kim(1983) also proves that there is a size related anomaly and its seasonality. Kim(1983) founds around fifty percent of abnormal returns related to firm size are earned in January, twenty-six percent are earned during the first trading week in a year and around eleven percent are earned in the first trading day. Small firm effect in different equity market The study done by Reengaging (1990) found that the relative price behaviors of larger and smaller firms on ETC stocks are different. The costs of trading for small stocks are different in different markets (Reengaging 1990). Thus, an analysis of the evidence for small firm effect in different equity market is important. Small firm effect not only happens in USA but also in the other countries. It has been proved existence in Australia by Brown, Kim, Klein and Marsh (1983). Furthermore, a study done by Chemung, Lounge and Wong (1994) on Korean Stock Exchange also proves the existence of small firm effect. In mean return analysis, the study shows the portfolio with smallest firm size got the highest average monthly return (Chemung, Lounge and Wong 1994). In risk-adjusted return analysis, they use the Sharpe-Lintier version of the two parameter assets pricing model to examine the influence of firm size and E/P ratio on the risk-adjusted portfolio returns (Chemung, Lounge and Wong 1994). The result shows the portfolio of small firms get the highest and only positive risk-adjusted returns (Chemung, Lounge and Wong 1994). Moreover, the small firm effect also exists in Belgium, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom (Hawaiian and Kim 2000). However, there are no significant relationships between firms size and returns in Canada and France and the size premium significantly different in different markets (Hawaiian and Kim 2000). Small firm effect in different time The researches done by Brown, Klein and Marsh (2001) on U. S. Stock market shows hat excess returns can be earned in related to firm size but the effect is not stable over time. Damson and Marsh (2001) believe that market anomalies apply to Murphys Law which if things can go wrong, it will eventually go wrong. That is, the excess return of small companies will eventually move towards reverse. They compared the stock return of small firms in the U. K. Stock markets with that in the U. S. Stock markets from 1955 to 1997. The study shows the stock returns of small firms were 6% higher than large firms during 1955 to 1986 then many founds Management Company launched between 1987 and 1988, followed a reverse on stock returns of small firms were 6% lower than the large firms from 1989 to 1997 (Damson and Marsh 2001). This may also be contradicts for the small firm effect. Reasons for existence of small firm effect Misprinting Some researchers explained the small firm effect as misprinting from the measurement or method error of assets price model, but Roll (1983) finds this is not the case. He believed that the frequency of trading and holding period can affect the beta estimates. The risks of small firm were undervalued and returns were overvalued for small firms in short holding period (Roll 1983). Furthermore, as small firms are traded not often, the daily stock returns were delayed, the risk was undervalued (Roll 1983). However, Reengaging (1982) use the method of aggregated coefficients to estimate the stock risks and finds undervalue of risks for small firms is not a strong evidence for small firm effect. The study done by Fame and French (1992) also shows firm size is better at explaining the excess returns on small firm than stock risks. Transaction cost The transaction cost for small firms are usually higher than that for large firms. Transaction cost includes direct cost and indirect cost. Indirect cost includes brokerage fees and bid-ask spread. Indirect costs include fees generated by information searching and portfolio management. Amid and Mendelssohn (1986) regard the bid-ask spread as representative of stock trading frequency. Larger bid- ask spread means market thinness. Then they built three models to test the relationship among stock returns, risk of stocks and bid-ask spread. The result shows relationship between stock returns and bid-ask spread are significant stronger than allegations between stock returns and risk of stocks at explaining the small firm effect (Amid and Mendelssohn 1986). Furthermore, Amid (2002) believed that expected market liquidity has a positive influence on ex-ante excess stock returns and return on stock is negatively related over time to contemporaneous unexpected liquidity. Liquidity has stronger influence on small firms (Amid 2002). Amid proved his hypothesis by examine stock in NYSE from 1964 to 1997. Less available information The third reason of existence of small firm effect is small firm has less available information. Theoretical research has proved that firms with less available information should, other variable remain unchanged, get higher returns to make up estimation risk (Manhattans). Thus, less average available information for small firms may be the reason of small firm effect. Nathan (1996) proved this hypothesis in his article. Different fundamental structure Different fundamental structure between large firms and small firms may be one of the reasons for small firm effect. Small firms in NYSE are less efficiently run and have higher financial leverage and these kinds of risks are not easy to be captured by arrest index compare to large firms (Chain and Chem. 1991). Thus the small firm should get higher stock return to make up the estimation risk. Exploit ability and limitation of profit-earning strategy This essay believes that small firm effect is not exploitable now. Somebody may argue that profit can be earned by taking long positions in a portfolio of smaller firms and taking short position in a portfolio of larger firms. In fact, it is hard to keep a portfolio with small shares which long and short position can be held and traded quickly in the real world (Bradford, Haney and Billion 2011). Furthermore, the transaction cost of take short position is larger than take long position (Bradford, Haney and Billion 2011). Moreover, the article written by Damson and Marsh (2001) points out excess return of small companies will eventually move towards reverse and their study shows stock returns of small firms were 6% lower than the large firms from 1989 to 1997 which indicate the small firm effect already move towards reverse in U. K.. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay does not recommend the fund manager use strategy of taking long positions in a portfolio of smaller firms and taking short position in a oratorio of larger firms to exploit as loss may occur.

Ethics and Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics and Business - Research Paper Example In short, ethical principle differs in different societies. Under such circumstances, it is difficult for a society filled with Muslims and Christians to standardise ethical principles. Business is one area in which ethical principles have relevance. The ultimate objective of many of the business organizations in this world is to make as much as profits possible using all the available means. Such greedy business organizations sacrifice ethical principles in business to generate profits. However, it is difficult for such organizations to survive in the business world in the long run. This is because of the fact that current consumers are valuing and respecting the reputation of the organization more while they take any purchasing decisions. Modern consumers respect organizations which demonstrate their social responsibility. In order to sustain business in the current heavily competitive business world, it is necessary for the organizations to give something back to the community in which they operate. Crane &Matten (2007) pointed out that â€Å"There appears to be good reason to suggest business ethics as a phenomenon, as a subject, but not as an oxymoron† (Crane &Matten, 2007, p.5). Business and ethics are not all contrasting each other. In other words, it is possible to do business in an ethical manner. Business ethics is important in decision making, personal integrity, social responsibility, law etc. This paper analyses the importance of ethics in business. Business Ethics as Ethical Decision Making   One of the fundamental handicaps of business is its misguided tendency to view ethics and business as if they can be treated as separate or separate-able. Business cannot and should not be disentangled from ethics and viewed in isolation any more than operations or marketing can or should be considered without regard for the products or services being inventoried or sold. The economics should not be paramount to ethics in business; if anything, ethic s should be paramount to economics (Elm & Radin, 2012, p.314). Business is part of human life and hence it cannot be viewed in isolation with our social life. In other words, whatever, the ethical principles one may follow in his personal life, should be followed in his professional or business life also. So, whatever the decisions taken in business should be in line with the ethical principles. A business person cannot follow one policy in his personal life and another policy in his business life. It should be noted that most of the parameters we come across in business may come across in our personal life also. Therefore whatever the ethics and morals we follow in our personal life should be followed in business life also. Manpower is one of the major resources needed for business. Unlike machines, man has emotions and feelings. So, a business person cannot treat manpower and machine power in the same manner. He should treat manpower separately and machine power separately. He can not ask an employee to work continuously just like a machine. Same way, in an organization, different employees may have different capabilities. It is difficult for a business person to ask all his employees to demonstrate a particular level of efficiency. In other words, a business person should take decisions based on the circumstances and humanitarian considerations. In short business decisions should be taken based on moral reasoning. â€Å"

Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategies - Essay Example FDI is often defined as an accord through which an entity of one economy tends to invest capitals in another economy with the purpose of gaining and simultaneously providing long-term benefits to the parties involved, i.e. the direct investor, direct investment enterprise, and the economies on the whole (OECD, 2009). As is evident from the benchmark definition provided by OECD, FDI ordinarily means the liberty to foreign investor allowing them to set up a production unit through investment in the host country with the purpose to stimulate the means of production in the economy and thus enhance capital allocation (Neuhaus, 2006). It is in this context that the involvement of FDIs in the economic development of the host countries, especially in the case of developing countries has been in debate for decades. In this regard, the foremost concern was drawn on the sovereignty of the state governments and the effects that FDIs had due to growing influences. As stated by Schnitzer (2000), F DIs reward few significant rights to the direct investors in order to operate in the host country with minimal legislative barriers. This influences the monetary policies of the country which in turn affects the sovereignty of the state government as can be observed from the illustration of East European economies, e.g. Hungary, Poland, Czech and others (Schnitzer, 2000). In many instances, FDIs have been witnessed to affect the sustainable development of the host country as well. It is worth mentioning that from a general point of view FDIs are expected to provide the host country with enhanced employment opportunities; thereby reducing poverty and enhancing the overall economic growth. However, it is quite important that the resource allocation is equally distributed in the country to gain total development. But evidences have revealed that FDIs have failed in providing total benefit to the host developing economies (Velde, 2001). To be illustrated in the case of Africa, the FDIs had been recorded to increase significantly as was recorded in 2002. Despite the significant rise in inflows of FDIs in the economies, namely, Nigeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and Algeria, also recorded as the chief direct investment enterprises of the continent, the economic growth has been quite low in comparison to other economies facilitating FDIs, such as Poland, Hungary and other Western economies. The increase of corruptions, extortions and other social issues has also affected the economic growth in these countries. Weak sustainable development can also be witnessed in the case of Latin American as well as Caribbean economies (Gardiner, 2002). FDIs have also proved to be beneficial in many instances, e.g. in the case of China. The inclusion of FDIs in the economy have rewarded with better productivity in the technology sector as well as in the case of human resource development with almost equal distribution of resources. China, as a developing economy had also faced the risk of sov ereignty and other political, economical along with social risks which were dealt with

Terrorism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Terrorism - Term Paper Example Similarities and differences with insurgency Insurgency is not a conventional war or terrorism. It shares with terrorism the use of force to obtain a political end. Difference that arises between the two is the degree of violence. Terrorism does not lead to political change on its own but insurgency tries to bring forth change use of force of arms. Insurgents use ways like hit and run attacks and laying ambushes on the security forces. Insurgency unlike terrorism gets significant support from a large portion of the population. Insurgency is a movement or a political effort that has an aim. The major difference between terrorism and the insurgency is the intent of their activities. Insurgency contains nothing inherent that will need the use of terror. However, there exist other successful insurgencies that used terrorism and the terror acts, other formed into conflicts where the tactics of terror and terrorism became predominant. Other insurgencies renounced the use of terrorism total ly in their movement. The choice of using terrorism is to inspire increased resistance, destroying the government efficiency, and to mobilize support (Sageman 20). The goal of an insurgency is, to adequately challenge the present government for the control of the entire or a portion of its territory. Insurgents can also force different political concessions in sharing of political power. Insurgencies, however, need the tactic or active support of a portion of the involved population. The insurgents could also require support from foreign countries. This, however, does not bother them at all. A terrorist group does not need and minimally has empathy or support of a big fraction of the population. While the insurgents describe themselves frequently as guerillas or insurgents, the terrorists will never refer to themselves or their organization as terrorists. They describe or portray themselves using political or military terminology such as activists and freedom fighters. Terrorism dep ends on public impact, and relatively conscious of the benefits of avoiding the negative impacts of the term terrorists’ when identifying themselves (Simic 15). Terrorism acts do not try to fight the government forces directly, but will tend to change the perceptions as to the legitimacy or the effectiveness of the government in question. They achieve this by ensuring the greatest knowledge of terrorist acts of violence. The terrorists do not attempt to control any region, as this identifies them to a location which reduces their security and mobility. The terrorist avoid direct confrontations with the forces of government. Insurgents can have something to achieve from clashing with the government forces, like proving that they can efficiently challenge the government military and test their effectiveness. Terrorist organizations have nothing to gain from clashing with the governments. The terrorists groups will not engage in anything that resembles a fair fight or a war itse lf. They use ways that will neutralize the powers of the conventional forces. Terrorists tactics include; bombings of civilian targets where the military spend off duty time, ambushes of conveys that are not defended and the assassinations of poorly guarded individuals (Sageman 24). Insurgencies do not need the targeting of civilians, despite the fact that they expand the required legal definition of combatants to include the police and other security personnel

Communication Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication Journal - Essay Example Prof. Linley: I am concerned about their progress. It is not easy for these students to reach this level of education so conveniently. The curriculum is quite challenging. Prof. Macaulay: I believe it is going to take time. Let them explore the syllabus. The textbooks have been selected according to their standard. What we need are excellent teachers. And by that I mean, no compromise of quality. Prof. Linley: How come only a few parents have shown up for the admissions? Prof. Macaulay: I guess they are reluctant to show up at a totally new institute. Some people have really high expectations from us. We need to give their kids more than they expect from us. Prof. Linley turned to his table to get a bunch of papers he was working on. He brought them to Prof. Macaulay and continued to think aloud on the planning. Prof. Linley: Do you think high school students will be able to handle the research methods course that we are trying to introduce in the first session? Prof. Macaulay: Why n ot? Even if they don’t, let’s just hope that they will. Why worry before meeting them. Maybe you’ll get the brighter ones! Prof. Linley: Aren’t you scared? Prof. Macaulay: What’s the point? That won’t change the reality would it? This institute needs people who can take risks. I am ready to face the challenge. Prof. Linley: Do you mean to say that I am not the right person for the institute at the moment? Prof. Macaulay: I just mean that you should take it easy on yourself. Just give it a try. When we open next week we will face the problems together and try to come up with a better solution. Prof. Linley: I have also prepared a standard test for them to clear at the start of the session. I thought that this way we will know where each individual stands. The classroom strength is reasonable at the moment. We have approximately fifteen in each class which means a total of 200 in the first batch. Ten sections won’t be difficult to handl e as long as we have good instructors. Prof. Macaulay: I have requested Prof. Samuel and Prof. Kingston to join our team as visiting faculty. They said they will let me know by the end of this week. If we have them join us, we can plan to arrange for remedial sessions for students who have learning disabilities. Prof. Linley: Hmmm†¦ not a bad idea. One of my colleagues is a psychologist. I’ll ask her if she can give us advice on handling such cases. Both stand up to retire for bed. Professor Macaulay decided to leave for London from there next morning to have a meeting with another friend regarding the new setup. Topic 2: Exercising and Communication Paul and Simon at the Gym Paul was distressed to lose his job and was rigorously working out to forget what had happened between him and his boss. He could not believe he was fired. Simon was by his side hopelessly trying to comfort him. But it was no use. It seemed that he would have a nervous breakdown. Simon asked Paul if he wanted to go on vacation somewhere out of town. His suggestion was crushed by the sound of the weight lifting. Paul already had a suicidal temperament which only Simon knew how to resolve. But Simon often thought what Paul would do without him. He had been asking Paul to settle down and get married to Diana whom he loved. Paul was also very nervous about his relationships with girls. His breakup with a very dear friend five years ago was heart-wrenching for him. Paul wouldn’t utter a word to Simon about this incident until Simon choked it out of him. Simon was extremely

Sustainability Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability - Dissertation Example As the Comhar Sustainable Development Council (2011) in Ireland wrote about the history of the transitional cities movement: â€Å"The movement originates from a student project overseen by permaculture teacher Rob Hopkins at the Kinsale Further Education College in Ireland. The project involved writing an Energy Descent Action Plan, which looked at creative adaptations in the realms of energy production, health, education, economy and agriculture as a road map to a sustainable future for the town. The term Transition Town was coined by Louise Rooney and Catherine Dunne, two of Rob Hopkins students, who set about developing the Transition Towns concept presented it to Kinsale Town Council, resulting in the historic decision by Councillors to adopt the plan and work towards energy independence. Following its start in Kinsale, it then spread to Totnes, England where Rob Hopkins and Naresh Giangrande developed the concept. The movement currently has thousands of member communities worl dwide.† (Comhar SDC, 2011) The expansion of transitional towns programs around the world can have a major impact on the economy and particularly industry, real estate, and technology. The transitional towns movement creates new jobs in ‘green’ industries such as solar, hydrogen power, fuel cell technologies, hydropower, wind, geothermal, and tidal technologies for energy generation alternatives over oil based products. The focus on sustainability for communities in environmental harmony and balanced development in Permaculture and the transitional towns movement places a focus on the transformation of the home environment to incorporate new technologies that reduce the dependency of the local economy on fossil fuels and petroleum products. The additional focuses are in transportation, industry, and agriculture, implementing the best of environmental science and alternative energy research into already established businesses and organizations. From this process, th e movement takes its name of transitional towns which connotes the technological and ideological changes behind the organization. â€Å"As of October 2010 there are 321 ‘transition initiatives’ in Europe, mainly in England, as well as 8 in North America and 3 in Australia.† (Baez, 2010) While the small nature of the movement may make it seem isolated and lacking broader support or acknowledgement in the society at large, the rapidly expanding emergence of the transitional towns networks and interrelationship with other environmental organizations points to the impact that this movement can have on the local and international economy. The transitional towns movement can support the development of ‘green’ technologies such as hydropower, wind, solar, fuel cells, hydrogen, geothermal, and tidal energy sources in order to move communities away from economic and cultural development patterns that are environmentally destructive. For real estate developers and home owners, this means the integration of new sustainable energy technologies into the home environment, and from this comes many opportunity for new business and products. For example,

In this assignment, discuss the diagnostic value of less invasive Assignment

In this , discuss the diagnostic value of less invasive imaging modalities - Assignment Example Atherosclerosis is the chief causes of  coronary artery diseases (CAD) which causes changes in structure as well functionality of blood vessels.  It is the process in which, progressive dumping of cholesterol and other fatty materials across the arterial wall occurs. These dumping results in a contriction of the lumen i.e stenosis, which restricts blood flow. Further, spasm, birth defect, lupus, arteritis, blood clogging are few other causes apart from atherosclerosis. Ten years ago, CAD is thought to be a disorder of men. Generally, CAD occurs a decade earlier in men than women,  up to the time of menopause, because a high level of estrogen  protects women from CAD. Anyhow, after menopause, it happens more frequently in women in comparability to men. It is noticed that ratio of women suffering from CAD is higher than men in the age group of or beyond 75. CAD is assumed to be the leading  lifer taker in developed countries. Studies imply about 5-9% of people aged 20+ are su ffering through CAD. The death rate rises with age, and it is more common in males in comparison to females,  but the  death rates for men decrease sharply after age of 55 and finally after aged 75. The death rate of women is higher than men, who are of the same age.  Ã‚  It is estimated that +16 million Americans are suffering through CAD and 8 million of them had a myocardial infarction (increased 1 Million per annum). Framingham trial predicts approximately 50% & 30% of males and females respectively in the age 40+ population are suffering through CAD (Helen H, and Munther K). The most convoluted part of CAD lies in its undetection, mostly CAD remains undetected until the moment of myocardial infarction or even death. It is an alarming situation for Biomedical Scientists to develop a mean to discover CAD as soon as possible to get the best result and prevent diseases. Early detection of CAD allows a physician to  reduce the potential risk factor associated with CAD. There are several methods by which CAD can be diagnosed including an echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, but imaging method like multislice CT angiography, electron-beam computed tomography, nuclear scan, and magnetic resonance angiography, etc, is assumed to be the most effective method for CAD diagnosis. Imaging of CAD is the demand of 21st centuries due to the uninterrupted activity of Heart & acuteness of CAD. Over the last decade, multislice CT Angiography (MSCTA) has been recognised as the most precious & productive method of CAD diagnoses because of lightning technical promotion & enhanced precision (Sun Z, 2010). It has exhibited an immense potential in early identification of CAD because of  improved spatial and temporal resolution.  Ã‚  MSCTA showed enormous technical growth from the early generation of 4-slice CT scanners to subsequent models such as 16-, 64-, dual-source, 256- and 320-slice CT. Retrospective ECG gated method was employed to show the feasibleness of MSCTA w ith 4-slice. It displayed mild accuracy with sensitivity & specificity of 78% and 93%, respectively.

Communication Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication Journal - Essay Example Prof. Linley: I am concerned about their progress. It is not easy for these students to reach this level of education so conveniently. The curriculum is quite challenging. Prof. Macaulay: I believe it is going to take time. Let them explore the syllabus. The textbooks have been selected according to their standard. What we need are excellent teachers. And by that I mean, no compromise of quality. Prof. Linley: How come only a few parents have shown up for the admissions? Prof. Macaulay: I guess they are reluctant to show up at a totally new institute. Some people have really high expectations from us. We need to give their kids more than they expect from us. Prof. Linley turned to his table to get a bunch of papers he was working on. He brought them to Prof. Macaulay and continued to think aloud on the planning. Prof. Linley: Do you think high school students will be able to handle the research methods course that we are trying to introduce in the first session? Prof. Macaulay: Why n ot? Even if they don’t, let’s just hope that they will. Why worry before meeting them. Maybe you’ll get the brighter ones! Prof. Linley: Aren’t you scared? Prof. Macaulay: What’s the point? That won’t change the reality would it? This institute needs people who can take risks. I am ready to face the challenge. Prof. Linley: Do you mean to say that I am not the right person for the institute at the moment? Prof. Macaulay: I just mean that you should take it easy on yourself. Just give it a try. When we open next week we will face the problems together and try to come up with a better solution. Prof. Linley: I have also prepared a standard test for them to clear at the start of the session. I thought that this way we will know where each individual stands. The classroom strength is reasonable at the moment. We have approximately fifteen in each class which means a total of 200 in the first batch. Ten sections won’t be difficult to handl e as long as we have good instructors. Prof. Macaulay: I have requested Prof. Samuel and Prof. Kingston to join our team as visiting faculty. They said they will let me know by the end of this week. If we have them join us, we can plan to arrange for remedial sessions for students who have learning disabilities. Prof. Linley: Hmmm†¦ not a bad idea. One of my colleagues is a psychologist. I’ll ask her if she can give us advice on handling such cases. Both stand up to retire for bed. Professor Macaulay decided to leave for London from there next morning to have a meeting with another friend regarding the new setup. Topic 2: Exercising and Communication Paul and Simon at the Gym Paul was distressed to lose his job and was rigorously working out to forget what had happened between him and his boss. He could not believe he was fired. Simon was by his side hopelessly trying to comfort him. But it was no use. It seemed that he would have a nervous breakdown. Simon asked Paul if he wanted to go on vacation somewhere out of town. His suggestion was crushed by the sound of the weight lifting. Paul already had a suicidal temperament which only Simon knew how to resolve. But Simon often thought what Paul would do without him. He had been asking Paul to settle down and get married to Diana whom he loved. Paul was also very nervous about his relationships with girls. His breakup with a very dear friend five years ago was heart-wrenching for him. Paul wouldn’t utter a word to Simon about this incident until Simon choked it out of him. Simon was extremely

In this assignment, discuss the diagnostic value of less invasive Assignment

In this , discuss the diagnostic value of less invasive imaging modalities - Assignment Example Atherosclerosis is the chief causes of  coronary artery diseases (CAD) which causes changes in structure as well functionality of blood vessels.  It is the process in which, progressive dumping of cholesterol and other fatty materials across the arterial wall occurs. These dumping results in a contriction of the lumen i.e stenosis, which restricts blood flow. Further, spasm, birth defect, lupus, arteritis, blood clogging are few other causes apart from atherosclerosis. Ten years ago, CAD is thought to be a disorder of men. Generally, CAD occurs a decade earlier in men than women,  up to the time of menopause, because a high level of estrogen  protects women from CAD. Anyhow, after menopause, it happens more frequently in women in comparability to men. It is noticed that ratio of women suffering from CAD is higher than men in the age group of or beyond 75. CAD is assumed to be the leading  lifer taker in developed countries. Studies imply about 5-9% of people aged 20+ are su ffering through CAD. The death rate rises with age, and it is more common in males in comparison to females,  but the  death rates for men decrease sharply after age of 55 and finally after aged 75. The death rate of women is higher than men, who are of the same age.  Ã‚  It is estimated that +16 million Americans are suffering through CAD and 8 million of them had a myocardial infarction (increased 1 Million per annum). Framingham trial predicts approximately 50% & 30% of males and females respectively in the age 40+ population are suffering through CAD (Helen H, and Munther K). The most convoluted part of CAD lies in its undetection, mostly CAD remains undetected until the moment of myocardial infarction or even death. It is an alarming situation for Biomedical Scientists to develop a mean to discover CAD as soon as possible to get the best result and prevent diseases. Early detection of CAD allows a physician to  reduce the potential risk factor associated with CAD. There are several methods by which CAD can be diagnosed including an echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, but imaging method like multislice CT angiography, electron-beam computed tomography, nuclear scan, and magnetic resonance angiography, etc, is assumed to be the most effective method for CAD diagnosis. Imaging of CAD is the demand of 21st centuries due to the uninterrupted activity of Heart & acuteness of CAD. Over the last decade, multislice CT Angiography (MSCTA) has been recognised as the most precious & productive method of CAD diagnoses because of lightning technical promotion & enhanced precision (Sun Z, 2010). It has exhibited an immense potential in early identification of CAD because of  improved spatial and temporal resolution.  Ã‚  MSCTA showed enormous technical growth from the early generation of 4-slice CT scanners to subsequent models such as 16-, 64-, dual-source, 256- and 320-slice CT. Retrospective ECG gated method was employed to show the feasibleness of MSCTA w ith 4-slice. It displayed mild accuracy with sensitivity & specificity of 78% and 93%, respectively.

Information Processing and Learning Disabilities Essay Example for Free

Information Processing and Learning Disabilities Essay The body gathers information through five senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch. However, in order to use the data or information that has been gathered by these senses one must constantly put the senses into constant use. After the body has collected information through the five senses it is taken to the brain, which in turn recognizes it, interprets it, understands it, responds to it and stores it. This is a continuous process which can be repeated even a thousand times in any given day. Newell (1990)] Information processing is responsible for the coordination and performance of the tasks that we carry out in any given day, from taking a shower to learning in school or participating in a sport. Discussion Within the field of cognitive psychology, information processing is the thinking and reasoning about mental processes, envisioning them, in the same way as a computer software runs on a computer machine. According to Ulric Neisser, who also goes as the father of the term ‘cognitive psychology’ human beings can be compared to dynamic information processing systems with mental operations that are identical to those of computer machines and that can be described in computational terms. [Neisser, 1967] The mind is the software while the brain is the hardware. The human mind processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies, that like a computer, the human mind has got a limited capacity for the amount and even the nature of information it can process, and that just as the computer can be made to process more information through the change or overhaul of its hardware and software, learners can become great thinkers if changes can be made in their brains through the use of authentic rules and strategies of learning. [Hetherington Parke, 199] According to Atkinson and Shriffin in their ‘stage theory’ model, the human memory processes and stores information in three stages. Information is processed in a serial and discontinuous manner as it transits from one stage to the other. [Atkinson Shriffin, 1968] Craik and Lockhart in their ‘levels-of-processing’ theory posit that learners make use of various levels of elaboration as they process information. This is achieved through a succession of levels beginning from perception, through attention, to labeling, and lastly meaning. Craik Lockhart, 1972] Another theory posits that information is processed simultaneously by several different parts of memory system as opposed to sequential processing. [Goleman, 1995] Lastly, Rumelhart and McClelland in their ‘connectionic’ model propose that information is stored in multiple locations in the form of network connections in the brain. It is grounded on the wisdom that the more connected an idea is the more the chances of it to be remembered. Rumelhart McClelland, 1986; Scientific American, 1999] In a learning situation, the measure of receiving and organizing information, remembering it, and expressing it will obviously differ from one learner to the other. There will always be discrepancies in reading, writing, comprehension, and reasoning among the learners. Those learners who experiences difficulties in organizing, remembering, and expressing information will definitely experience difficulties in reading, writing, comprehension, and reasoning. Such learners are considered as having learning disabilities: they tend to experience difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or mathematical abilities. They face difficulties in learning new skills, they have poor memory, and they tend to confuse basic words, experience difficulties in connecting letters and sounds, among other difficulties. Lerner (2000)] Since the process of information gathering occurs through the application of logical rules and strategies learners without disabilities are bound to organize, remember, and express information with great ease than those with disabilities. Learners with disabilities will experience difficulties in making use of various levels of elaboration as Craik and Lockhart reasons. They will experience snags in transferring information from one stage to another. In a nutshell the process of information processing is complex and therefore it requires proper learning strategies to make it a success. It requires the best learning strategies that are tied to the needs and interests of students and that are based on varied types of learning styles to enhance maximum learning. [Ekwensi et al, 2006] For instance, before the process of learning begins, a teacher should always aim at gaining the learners attention by using cues to signal when you are ready to begin and keep moving around the class while using voice variations. Always remember to bring to the mind of the learners prior learned content that is relevant to present content. This can be done through a brief discussion or a brief question and answer session aimed at forming a link with the present lesson content. This should be followed by a brief discussion of the main points of what is about to be learned. Learners may also be provided with handouts to get a deeper glimpse of the content. The teaching/learning process should now progress from what is already known to what is not known, from simple to complex. Bransford et al, 2000] The teacher should present the content in chunks while giving the learners opportunities to connect new information to information already known. In order to enhance maximum retaining of the learned content the teacher should also show the learners coding tips, e. g. , through the use of acronyms, simple songs, construction of silly sentences using the first letter of each word in the list and mental imagery techniq ues such as the keyword method. The teacher should also provide repetitive teaching and learning: by stating important points many times using different methods; this helps to build Short Term Memory (STM). [Miller (1956)] Include item on each day’s lesson from previous lesson or even periodically review previously learned skills for building Long Term Memory (LTM). The teacher should also provide enough opportunities for learning and over-learning of important concepts and skills; methods such as daily drills may be applied for arithmetic facts. Huitt (2003)] The teacher should aim at building both STM and LTM. The STM will help to increase the amount of time the learners pay attention to external stimulus and form some meaning out of it. According to Miller (1956) individuals can process up to 7 plus or negative units at any given time, therefore the teacher should aim at helping the learners to identify the most important information to learn at any given time. This can be achieved through proper organiza tion and repetition. To achieve organization the concept of chunking can be applied whereby information will be presented in bits representing units that can be easily remembered. To achieve repetition, the teacher should try to making the learners repeat what they have learned, especially after some time – few minutes (when forgetting begins). The process of learning should also be made sequential, relevant, and transitional. On the other hand, the LTM helps in the recalling of information learned long time ago particularly when such information is arranged and organized using the declarative, procedural, and imagery structures. The declarative memory will help in storing information about things that are talked about in classroom; [Stillings et al, 1987] the procedural memory will store information that touches on ways of doing things practically while the imagery memory will store information inform of images. This program helps to build ‘higher-order-thinking’ and self esteem. In order to build LTM the teacher should apply the ‘Direct Instruction’ method of teaching that provides constant interaction between the students and the teacher. Nonetheless, teachers should make sure that they teach small amount of material in sequential steps, they should make it possible for the learners to use as many of their senses as it is practically possible and that the content material should seek to build on, and enhance the learners’ prior knowledge. The teacher should also make the instructional language more simple but not the content by reinforcing on the main ideas through paraphrasing, repeating, and the use of stimulating learning aids such as charts, maps, and pictures. If possible, the use of technology should be encouraged as learners have been noted to feel free and productive particularly when they are working independently in front of a computer, rather than in crowded classrooms. [Singleton, Terrill, 1995/96] Conclusions In order to address information processing problems among learners with disabilities, a teacher should understand the common difficulties that they face so as to be able to employ the appropriate learning strategies. Learners with disabilities they experience the inability to manage their time well, they have spelling problems, they cannot follow if the teacher speaks too fast, they are slow readers, they have difficulties in recalling mathematical symbols, and sometimes they may portray impulsive behavior. This calls for a lot of patience on the part of the teacher when dealing with them. To achieve this, the teacher should watch, listen and talk to the learners to establish their strengths and weaknesses, and to use interest-arousing stimulus in the instructional process because learners are more likely to be attentive when the teacher uses a stimulus

Discussing the use of Expert Evidence in Trial

Discussing the use of Expert Evidence in Trial Expert evidence is becoming more established in the field of eyewitness testimony because jurors are frequently placing unjustified reliance on eyewitnesses. Jurors are being informed on the limitations of eyewitness identification as this can play a huge significance within a court case (Cunningham Tyrrell, 1976). section on reliability and validity of expert evidence Expert psychological witnesses are called before the jury to provide their knowledge of research and theories within the field of eyewitness testimony. They are not there to present facts about the specific case but rather provide scientific information of eyewitness accounts that help the jury make decisions (Vidmar Schuller, 1989, as cited in Leippe, 1995). This process can deliver better eyewitness accuracy as the jurors can evaluate the reliability and validity of testimonies and base their decisions from this (Monahan Walker, 1988, as cited in Leippe, 1995). However, Leippe (1995) stated that there is inadequacy in scientific research and theory as he argued that this field of research is not reliable because it cannot be generalised to the real world and lacks ecological validity. Some courts and several experimental psychologists have argued against research on eyewitness testimony as being scientific, as they have established that eyewitness research is not widely accepted as a science as findings have not been generally approved (Egeth, 1993). Previous research on a survey of 488 responses to expert witness questions and believability was carried out. This produced implications of reliability and validity of expert evidence. It was found that the majority of respondents stated that they would believe experts from their own community as they were sensitive to the issue of expert witnesses being a hired gun which refers to expert opinions that are not impartial due to being bias towards the party that called them (Boccaccini Brodsky, 2002). A majority of respondents specified that they would believe experts who were not getting paid for their testimony; this allows respondents to believe that the experts are providing an honest judgement and are not stating information on the basis of expecting return (Cooper Neuhaus, 2000, as cited in Boccaccini Brodsky, 2002). In addition to this factor, respondents conveyed a preference for testimony from experts that have previously testified for the prosecution and defence rather tha n one or the other (Boccaccini Brodsky, 2002). A number of cases have debated that expert testimony is simply common sense and this knowledge can be made by the un-educated jurors, and the deficiencies in the accuracy of identification can be conveyed to the jury over cross-examinations, and closing arguments (Woller, 2003). A study by Levett Kovera, 2008 indicate that there is a sensitisation amongst jurors on the validity of initial expert research when opposing expert research is introduced to address the validity of the initial expert research. Evidence was found that this process allows non-extreme judgements to be made by jurors but will not directly affect substantial decisions on the outcomes of a case. This shows inconsistencies when using initial expert research because the study illustrates that opposing experts give the opinion that initial expert research is inapplicable to the case. This suggests the question on whether the appropriateness on having an initial expert witness is needed at all as they frequently do not influence jurors decisions. Overall, eyewitness testimony reliability depends on many factors, in some cases it is reliable and in others it is not. Individual factors can contribute to whether the information given is correct or not. Personal opinion whether it would be appropriate to use experts in this case Expert evidence helps provide research and theory about well-known variables which can influence memory and recalling of memory. Therefore by using expert evidence in the case of evaluating eyewitness testimonies is crucial, as much research has supported the flaws which can contribute to misleading information. As a result of such a high dependency and impact of the judges decision of the eyewitness testimony in determining ones life outcome, it is important that all measures are put forward in order to prevent a person who is not guilty from going to prison. On the other hand, I believe that there were a number of variables within this case that is deemed to be too complex to measure individually. I think that it is much harder to get an accurate account of the event itself when viewing the variables in isolation. The theories are not established enough to concentrate on the variables combined which could potentially give a more accurate account of the event. If an expert witness was used for this case, I believe that they would significantly affect the decision of the jury. They somewhat take the role of the juror and directly affect the credibility of the eyewitnesses testimony. This should not be acceptable as an expert witness should only be there to provide facts about certain pieces of evidence and not about specific variables within the case. Overview of psychological evidence that may be brought before the court by the expert for the prosecution (Guilty) Around 20 Research states 3 highest accuracy levels :sex height and racei Freya remembered more detail-eyes-more accurate -watching and had more light more oppotunity Detailed descriptions Nature of event The nature of the event can have a profounding effect on the witnesss future recall. Witnesses who experience a traumatic event tend to have higher stress levels. This enables them to have a much detailed memory as they often think about the event after it has happened. Because of the disturbing nature of the event, it makes it harder for a witness to forget. All 3 witnesses within the case experienced a form of violence and therefore their levels of arousal would have increased. According to research findings, this could enhance the accuracy of the description of the event and suspect (Christianson, 1992). Yuille and Cutshall (1986) also found that higher stress levels lead to better memories of events than do witnesses with lower stress levels. Confidence (Meta-memory) A witness that is confident when providing their testimony to court officials are usually more believed to be accurate (Wise Safer, 2004 as cited in Krug, 2007). A study performed by Bradfield and Wells (2000, as cited in Bradfield McQuiston, 2004) found that a participant juror who reads a testimony from a confident witness is said to of had a better view of the event compared to a witness whose confidence was low. Even when the jury has stated that confidence is not an accurate determinant, there is evidence to believe that high confidence does allow the jury to express a better evaluation of the witness (Fox Walters, 1986). Pratima Hussain conveyed a high level of confidence when declaring her testimony as she stated that she categorically knew that the defendant was the person that pushed her to the ground. She also gave a very detailed description of the weapon. This may influence the prosecution of the suspect by the jury because her confidence can be a huge predictor of acc uracy. Bell Loftus, 1989 also established that when confidence is expressed, jurors are impressed with that confidence which makes them more easily persuaded. Number of Witnesses Witnesses, who are at the same crime and identify the same suspect under different conditions, are more likely to be accurate. A study by Haber and Haber (2000) shown that if a witness provides a description of a suspect and then later identifies them within a video identity parade, they are said to be 75% accurate. If another witness, who was present at the same crime, provides a similar description of the suspect and also identifies the same person from the identity parade, both of their identifications are said to be 90% accurate. This factor relates back to the case since Pratima Hussain and Emanuel Hargreaves both gave a similar description of Kevin Clough and both identified him from the mugshots and identity parade. Overview of psychological evidence that may be brought before the court by the expert for the defence: Womens eyesight was discredited (glasses came off) Pushed ground Glasses Less likely if realy old-age recogitionn The nature of event The effect of arousal on eyewitness memory is now commonly explored using the Yerkes-Dodson law (1908) which states that the connection between arousal and performance is based on a U-shaped curve whereby very high or very low levels of stress decreases the performance of the witness and that intermediate levels of stress is when performance is at its best (Deffenbacher, 1983 as cited in McCloskey Egeth, 1983). Therefore in relation to the event being violent, stress levels must have been very high which can cause discrepancies in the eyewitness testimonies given. Stress interferes with the ability of eyewitnesses to identify a central person in a stressful situation (Morgan et al, 2004, as cited in Wells, Memon Penrod, 2006). The high stress itself could be expected to lead to a narrowing of the range of perceptual focus, as Easterbrook (1959 some facts about weapons) has noted. Mugshot induced bias In this case, 2 of the witnesses were required to carry out mugshot identification and a video identity parade. Research by Cutler et al (1987, as cited in Ebbesen Konecni, 1997) has shown that exposure to mugshots after viewing the suspect at the scene of the crime may create a risk that the witness may become bias within the subsequent video identity parade. This is because the witness increases their ability to recognise a previously seen face. The witness may inflict a failure of memory due to previous exposure of other mugshots and therefore fail to identify the actual suspect from the event (Brown, Deffenbacher Sturgill, 1977, as cited in Deenbacher, Bornsteiny Penrod, 2006). as Garven, Wood and Malpass (2000, as cited in Hafstad Memon, 2004) found Retention of memory The ability to take in information and hold it is a very important factor to reflect on. Many studies have shown that memory may deteriorate after an event occurs. There is more than one reason that retention of an event may be lost, which can include post events that take over the memory of the original event or similarly, a witness being exposed to information from other witnesses (Woocher, (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) as cited in Baggett, 1975 Memory for Explicit and Implicit Information in Picture Stories). Another reason may include bad experiences of a particular event that might eliminate memory from a witness because they choose not to remember it. Shapiro and Penrod (1986, as cited in Smith, Stinson Prosser, 2004) performed a study on long vs. short delays and found that longer delays led to less correct and more false identifications. From this study, it is clear to see that retention plays an important element when making correct identifications. This is also true of the Kevin Clo ugh case, as all of the witnesses were required to identify the suspect from mugshots 2 days after the event occurred. They also had to identify the suspect from a video identity parade, 8 days after the event occurred. Perception A factor that can affect eyewitness perception is a term called an event factor. This is when natural conditions within an event can affect the witnesss perception when an event occurs. It might seem natural to think that witnessing an event in good lighting conditions, may improve perception compared to poor lighting conditions. However, this is not the case as research has found that different lighting conditions can be relatively complex (Woller, 2003). Adaptation to light and dark has a significant effect on perception. It has been found that when witnessing an event in a dark condition and then there is sudden changes to a light condition, or the opposite, the eyes are unable to fully recover right away and perception is distorted. This is the cause of a chemical reaction happening within the eye between the rods and cones which generates a short experience of blindness. In the case of Kevin Clough, this can have a profound effect on Freya Ogdens perception. On the evening of Ja nuary 12th, it would have been dark outside and Freya reported that a security light shone on the offender as he ran past her. Consequently, her identification of the offender may be unjustified as a result of light adaptation. Cross-Race Identification A major factor concerning eyewitness identification is Cross-Race Identification. A jury may be alerted when considering the condition of a witnesss race that is different to the race of the suspect and the accuracy of the identification. Research has found people from one race have great difficulty identifying people from a different race. This is because people that generally socialise with other people from their own racial group tend to absorb certain facial features more easily compared to people from another racial group (Malpass Kravitz, 1969). Members of one race tend to state that members of a different racial group have less homogeneity in the facial features in relation to their own racial group (Goldstein, 1979 as cited in Smith, Stinson Prosser, 2004). Ng and Lindsay (1994) stated that the more contact a person has with people from a differing racial or ethnic group, the ability to identify suspects correctly will be greater. This issue might be a contributing factor r egarding the Kevin Clough case because 2 of the witnesses, Pratima Hussain and Emanuel Hargreaves, are of a different racial group to the suspect. This could mean that their identification of Mr Clough may be invaluable to the case regarding the factor of cross-race identification. Individual factors Age Another factor which should be considered in accordance to eyewitness testimonies is age. Age is found to play a significant role in eyewitness testimonies. All witnesses are seen to be vulnerable, however children have been found to be the most vulnerable (Bruck Ceci, 1999, as cited in Wells, Memon Penrod, 2006). Children have been found to be susceptible to interviewer bias, as Garven, Wood and Malpass (2000, as cited in Hafstad Memon, 2004) found 50% of children who received positive reinforcement for reporting incorrect responses continued to answer yes to the misleading information, whereas 5% answered yes when no reinforcement was applied. This research suggests children are easily misled with what they experienced from the event. Research has also found a decline in memory for elderly witnesses. Cohen and Faulkner (1989) found elderly subjects were easily misled by false information. This states that expert eyewitnesses are crucial in cases where children and elderly witnes ses are testifying. Research has also found confidence and memory reports can easily be distorted in particular with vulnerable children, as children are believed to be overly optimistic with their memory proficiencies (Hafstad, Memon Logie, 2004). Weapon Focus The presence of a weapon can substantially indicate to an eyewitness that a crime is happening. The concentration on the weapon itself can reduce the ability to absorb other information from the crime (Loftus Messo, 1987, as cited in Mitchell, Livosky, Mather, 1998). Weapon focus is linked to arousal and Easterbrook (1959, as cited in Mitchell et al., 1998) found that perception decreases as arousal levels increase which is based on his/her cue utilisation theory. The theory also points out that the more intense the arousal is of an eyewitness, the bigger the reduction in perceptual cues. When a weapon is visible within a crime, the weapon focus effect states that all focus is pointed at the weapon and perceptual cues such as the criminals characteristics are decreased. The case of Kevin Clough is interesting because the victim Pratima Hussain was able to provide a detailed description of the weapon, and identify characteristics of the suspect correctly. Mrs Hussain was able to ide ntify the suspects age, race and eye colour correctly. Research by Dehon and Bredart (2001) as cited inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ has found that white people are able to make a more accurate age estimate for in-groups than out-groups. However, the accuracy of age estimates from people of other races that live or have lived predominantly in a white country did not differ based on the race of the face. Research was carried out by Anastasi Rhodes, 2006 as cited in Age Estimation of Faces on whether the age of the witness corresponds with the age of the suspect. Results found that age estimates are often bias towards their own age range. Research also found that witnesses that are much older than the suspect exhibit poorer performance regarding face recognition Adams-Price, 1992 as cited in Evidence for an Own-Age Bias in Face. Therefore, there is a possibility that Pratima Hussains age estimate of the suspect could have been wrong and that she may have guessed the age of the suspect. Indicate what you consider to be the strongest evidence for both the prosecution and for the defence. Prosecution Defence Retention of memory It is clear that memory declines over a period of time. I think this is an important factor because the longer the length of time between the learning experience and test of identification, the likelihood that memory will decrease will be greater. Conclusion selective attention, reconstructive memory, short exposure durations, vantage point, suggestion